T cell infiltrates in the muscles of patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis are dominated by CD28null T cells.
Authors: Fasth AE, Dastmalchi M, Rahbar A, Salomonsson S, Pandya JM, Lindroos E, Nennesmo I, Malmberg KJ, Soderberg-Naucler C, Trollmo C, Lundberg IE, Malmstrom V
J. Immunol., 2009;183(7):4792-9.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Tissue
Application: IHC
Transfer of NKG2D and MICB at the cytotoxic NK cell immune synapse correlates with a reduction in NK cell cytotoxic function.
Authors: Roda-Navarro P, Vales-Gomez M, Chisholm SE, Reyburn HT
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2006;103(30):11258-63.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: ICC

2B4, also known as CD244 and SLAMF4, is a 66 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the SLAM subgroup of the CD2 protein family. SLAM family proteins have an extracellular domain (ECD) with two or four Ig-like domains and at least two cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs). 2B4 interacts with CD48, while other SLAM family proteins interact homophilically (1‑4). Mature human 2B4 consists of a 208 amino acid (aa) ECD with two Ig-like domains, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 120 aa cytoplasmic domain with four ITSMs (5, 6). Three additional splice variants of human 2B4 have deletions of the short region between the Ig-like domains, the second Ig-like domain, or a portion of the cytoplasmic tail. Within the ECD, human 2B4 shares 46% and 40% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat 2B4, respectively. The ECD of human 2B4 shares 17%‑24% aa sequence identity with comparable regions of human CD2 family members BLAME, CD2F-10, CD84, CD229, CRACC, NTB-A, and SLAM. 2B4 is expressed on all NK cells, gamma δ T cells, monocytes, some CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, and some dendritic cells (7). CD48 mediates 2B4⁺ cell interactions with nearly all hematopoietic cell types, including cells of the same type (8‑10). 2B4/CD48 signaling cooperates with other receptor systems to either promote or inhibit NK and CD8⁺ T cell activation (7‑13). The inhibitory activities are distinct from those of MHC I restricted inhibitory NK cell receptors (12, 13). Ligation of 2B4 with antibodies or CD48 constructs can either directly trigger inhibitory signaling or disrupt an inhibitory interaction, leading to cellular activation (9, 12). The inhibitory effect is associated with the long form of 2B4, while the activation is associated with the short form (9, 14). 2B4 can also induce signaling through CD48 (10, 15).

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