| 货号 | 7699S |
| 描述 | SignalSilence® Glucocorticoid receptor siRNA II from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) allows the researcher to specifically inhibit glucocorticoid receptor expression using RNA interference, a method whereby gene expression can be selectively silenced through the delivery of double stranded RNA molecules into the cell. All SignalSilence® siRNA products from CST are rigorously tested in-house and have been shown to reduce target protein expression by western analysis.CST SignalSilence® Glucocorticoid receptor siRNA II 允许研究者使用RNA干扰技术特定地抑制糖皮质激素受体的表达，使用这种方法可以将双链RNA分子转至细胞内，选择性沉默基因的表达。所有CST SignalSilence® siRNA产品都经过严格的内部测试，并用western方法检测证明可以降低靶蛋白的表达。Quality Control |
| 反应种属 | Human |
| 应用 | TFN |
| 供应商 | CST |
| 背景 | Glucocorticoid hormones control cellular proliferation, inflammation, and metabolism through their association with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/NR3C1, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors (1). GR is composed of several conserved structural elements, including a carboxy-terminal ligand-binding domain (which also contains residues critical for receptor dimerization and hormone-dependent gene transactivation), a neighboring hinge region containing nuclear localization signals, a central zinc-finger-containing DNA-binding domain, and an amino-terminal variable region that participates in ligand-independent gene transcription. In the absence of hormone, a significant population of GR is localized to the cytoplasm in an inactive form via its association with regulatory chaperone proteins, such as HSP90, HSP70, and FKBP52. On hormone binding, GR is released from the chaperone complex and translocates to the nucleus as a dimer to associate with specific DNA sequences termed glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), thereby enhancing or repressing transcription of specific target genes (2). It was demonstrated that GR-mediated transcriptional activation is modulated by phosphorylation (3-5). Although GR can be basally phosphorylated in the absence of hormone, it becomes hyperphosphorylated upon binding receptor agonists. It has been suggested that hormone-dependent phosphorylation of GR may determine target promoter specificity, cofactor interaction, strength and duration of receptor signaling, receptor stability, and receptor subcellular localization (3). Indeed Ser211 of human GR is phosphorylated to a greater extent in the presence of hormone and biochemical fractionation studies following hormone treatment indicate that Ser211-phosphorylated GR is found in the nucleus (3). Thus, Ser211 phosphorylation is a biomarker for activated GR in vivo. An added layer of complexity to GR signaling lies in the ability of mutiple isoforms to be generated through both alternative splicing and the use of alternative translation intiation start sites, thus increasing the repertoire of functional signaling homo- and heterodimers (6,7). 糖皮质激素通过与转录因子的核激素受体超家族成员——糖皮质激素受体（GR）/ NR3C1联合，控制细胞增殖、炎症和代谢（1）。GR是由一些保守的结构元件，包括一个COOH-末端配体结合域（其中还包含受体二聚化和激素依赖型基因转录的关键残基），一个含有核定位信号的相邻的铰链区，一个含DNA结合结构域的中央锌指和一个参与配体无关的基因转录的NH 2 - 末端可变区。在没有激素的情况下，一个明显的GR类群以无活性方式通过其监管伴侣蛋白，如热休克蛋白90、热休克蛋白70和FKBP52，定位到细胞质中。对于激素结合，GR从分子伴侣复合物释放并作为二聚体转移到细胞核，与特定的DNA序列一起被称为糖皮质激素反应元件（GREs），增加或抑制特定的靶基因转录（2）。据证明，GR-介导的转录激活受磷酸化调节（3-5）。虽然GR可以在没有激素的情况下初级磷酸化。建议GR激素依赖型磷酸化可能决定靶启动子的特异性、辅助因子相互作用、受体信号的强度和持续时间、受体的稳定性和受体的亚细胞定位（3）。事实上，GR磷酸化更大程度上是在激素和生化分馏研究存在的情况下，可在细胞核中发现激素治疗表明丝氨酸（211位）-磷酸化GR（3）。因此，丝氨酸（211）磷酸化是体内激活GR的生物标志物。GR信号附加层的复杂性在于通过选择性剪接和使用选择性翻译启动起始位点产生多发亚型的能力，从而增加了功能信号同源和异源二聚体库（6,7）。 |
| 存放说明 | -20C |
| 参考文献 | Yamamoto, K.R. (1985) Annu. Rev. Genet 19, 209-252. Necela, B.M. and Cidlowski, J.A. (2003) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24, 58-61. Wang, Z. et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 26573-26580. Rogatsky, I. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14315-14321. Krstic, M. D. et al. (1997) Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 3947-3954. Yudt, M.R. and Cidlowski, J.A. (2001) Mol Endocrinol 15, 1093-103. Lu, N.Z. and Cidlowski, J.A. (2005) Mol Cell 18, 331-42. |
Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa cells, transfected with 100 nM SignalSilence® Control siRNA (Unconjugated) #6568 (-), SignalSilence® Glucocorticoid Receptor siRNA I #6508 (+), or SignalSilence® Glucocorticoid Receptor siRNA II (+), using Glucocorticoid Receptor (D8H2) XP® Rabbit mAb #3660 (upper) or GAPDH (D16H11) XP® Rabbit mAb #5174 (lower). The Glucocorticoid Receptor (D8H2) XP® Rabbit mAb confirms silencing of glucocorticoid receptor expression, while the GAPDH (D16H11) XP® Rabbit mAb is used as a loading control.Western blot方法检测HeLa细胞提取物，细胞用100 nM SignalSilence® Control siRNA(非结合的) #6568 (-)，SignalSilence® Glucocorticoid Receptor siRNA I #6508 (+)或SignalSilence® Glucocorticoid Receptor siRNA II (+)转染，使用的抗体为Glucocorticoid Receptor (D8H2) XP® Rabbit mAb #3660(上图)或GAPDH (D16H11) XP® Rabbit mAb #5174 (下图). 证实Glucocorticoid Receptor (D8H2) XP® Rabbit mAb可以沉默糖皮质激素受体的表达，而GAPDH (D16H11) XP® Rabbit mAb 被用作内参。 |
