| 货号 | NBP2-52746 |
| 供应商 | Novus |
| 背景 | Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling is a mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to deal with endoplasmic reticulum/ER stress: an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. It can be triggered by conditions such as high protein demand, viral infection, mutant protein expression, hypoxia, energy deprivation, or exposure to excessive oxidative stress. UPR executes three major functions: (i) blocking of protein translation for restoring homeostasis; (ii) positive regulation of protein folding related molecular chaperones; and (iii) up-regulation of signaling responsible for targeting mis-/un-folded proteins in ER for ubiquitination mediated degradation. Besides promoting survival, UPR can induce apoptosis and cause cell death, especially under ER-stress. A sustained over-activation of UPR is known to be involved in many human diseases including cancer, hyperglycemia, autoimmune conditions, hepatic disorders, retinopathies, acute lung injury and neuro-degeneration. This is why, a complete mechanistic understanding of UPR signaling is very critical for the evaluation of its biological effects in normal and/or disease conditions. UPR is regulated via three major effector proteins, namely inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), which are maintained in their inactive/membrane bound state through binding with glucose response protein 78 (GRP78/BiP). In UPR/ER stress experiments, the expression of major marker proteins such as IRE1-alpha, XBP1, GPR78, ATF6, and CHOP are often analyzed using various immunoassays. Modulation of individual marker proteins can provide an understanding of which signaling arm (i.e. IRE1 alpha, PERK, ATF6) of the UPR is being inhibited or activated. For example, an increase in phospho-IRE1 alpha (Ser724) and/or XBP1-S levels indicates the activation of IRE1 alpha mediated signaling. CHOP induction is an indication of ATF6 and PERK signaling activation, while the levels of GRP78 and ERp72 are more specific indicators of ATF6 activation. ER Stress/UPR Antibody Pack contains sample sizes of six antibodies against major UPR signaling markers - GRP78, pIRE1 alpha, total IRE1 alpha, XBP1, ATF6, and CHOP. |
| 存放说明 | Store at 4C short term. Aliquot and store at -20C long term. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles. |
| 浓度 | Concentration of individual antibodies may be found on the vial label. If unlisted please contact technical services. |
Western Blot: ER Stress / UPR Antibody Pack [NBP2-52746] - WB analysis of CHOP protein in lysates from HeLa cell which were treated with tunicamycin (+) or the vehicle (-). | |
Western Blot: ER Stress / UPR Antibody Pack [NBP2-52746] - WB detection of total IRE1 alpha protein in lysates from Min6 cells which were transfected with GFP-siRNA or Ire1-siRNA. | |
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: ER Stress / UPR Antibody Pack [NBP2-52746] - IHC analysis of a formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue section of mouse bladder using XBP1 antibody with HRP-DAB detection and hematoxylin counterstaining. | |
Western Blot: ER Stress / UPR Antibody Pack [NBP2-52746] - WB analysis of Min6 cells which were treated with different concentrations of glucose for 3 hours prior to lysates preparation. The lysates from glucose treated samples showed higher levels of phospho-IRE1 alpha (Ser 724) when compared to the vehicle treated samples. | |
Western Blot: ER Stress / UPR Antibody Pack [NBP2-52746] - WB analysis of 293 cells transfected with full-length ATF6 (Lane 1), or with partial length amino acids 1-373 of ATF6 (Lane 2), and the non-transfected control cells (Lane 3). The ATF6* band is possibly an under-glycosylated or cleaved/active ATF6. |
