| 货号 | 19848T |
| 目标/特异性 | LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total LC3A and LC3B proteins. Atg7 (D12B11) Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total Atg7 protein. Atg4B (D1G2R) Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total Atg4B protein. Atg4A (D62C10) Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total Atg4A protein and recognizes unidentified bands within the molecular weight range of 48-60 kDa, which decrease with silencing of Atg4A expression. GABARAP (E1J4E) Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total GABARAP protein, but does not cross-react with other GABARAP family members. Atg3 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total Atg3 protein. |
| 供应商 | CST |
| 背景 | Autophagy is a catabolic process for the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic contents (1,2). Autophagy is generally activated by conditions of nutrient deprivation, but it has also been associated with a number of physiological processes including development, differentiation, neurodegenerative diseases, infection, and cancer (3). Autophagy marker Light Chain 3 (LC3) was originally identified as a subunit of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B (termed MAP1LC3) (4) and subsequently found to contain similarity to the yeast protein Apg8/Aut7/Cvt5 critical for autophagy (5). Three human LC3 isoforms (LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C) undergo post-translational modifications during autophagy (6-8). Cleavage of LC3 at the carboxy terminus immediately following synthesis yields the cytosolic LC3-I form. During autophagy, LC3-I is converted to LC3-II through lipidation by a ubiquitin-like system involving Atg7 and Atg3 that allows for LC3 to become associated with autophagic vesicles (6-9). The presence of LC3 in autophagosomes and the conversion of LC3 to the lower migrating form, LC3-II, have been used as indicators of autophagy (10). Numerous mammalian counterparts to yeast Atg proteins have been described, including three Atg8 proteins (GATE-16, GABARAP, and LC3) and four Atg4 homologs (Atg4A/autophagin-2, Atg4B/autophagin-1, Atg4C/autophagin-3, and Atg4D/autophagin-4) (10-12). The cysteine protease Atg4 is pivotal to autophagosome membrane generation and regulation (13). GABAA receptor associated protein (GABARAP) is an Atg8 family protein with a key role in autophagy, which was originally discovered as a protein associated with the GABAA receptor regulating receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane (14). Processing of GABARAP involves cleavage by Atg4 family members (15,16) followed by conjugation by the E1 and E2 like enzymes Atg7 and Atg3 (17,18). |
| 运输条件 | 0.75 |
| 存放说明 | -20C |
| 参考文献 | 1 . Reggiori, F. and Klionsky, D.J. (2002) Eukaryot Cell 1, 11-21. 2 . Wang, H. et al. (1999) Nature 397, 69-72. 3 . Codogno, P. and Meijer, A.J. (2005) Cell Death Differ 12 Suppl 2, 1509-18. 4 . Levine, B. and Yuan, J. (2005) J Clin Invest 115, 2679-88. 5 . Kabeya, Y. et al. (2004) J. Cell Sci. 117, 2805-12. 6 . Mariño, G. et al. (2003) J Biol Chem 278, 3671-8. 7 . Tanida, I. et al. (2004) J Biol Chem 279, 36268-76. 8 . Sou, Y.S. et al. (2008) Mol Biol Cell 19, 4762-75. 9 . Hemelaar, J. et al. (2003) J Biol Chem 278, 51841-50. 10 . Tanida, I. et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 1701-6. 11 . Tanida, I. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem 277, 13739-44. 12 . Mann, S.S. and Hammarback, J.A. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11492-97. 13 . Lang, T. et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17, 3597-607. 14 . Kabeya, Y. et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19, 5720-28. 15 . Wu, J. et al. (2006) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 339, 437-42. 16 . He, H. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29278-87. 17 . Tanida, I. et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 47704-10. 18 . Ichimura, Y. et al. (2000) Nature 408, 488-92. |
After the primary antibody is bound to the target protein, a complex with HRP-linked secondary antibody is formed. The LumiGLO® is added and emits light during enzyme catalyzed decomposition. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Atg3 Antibody. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa cells, mock transfected or transfected with mouse Atg3, using Atg3 Antibody. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Atg4A (D62C10) Rabbit mAb. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from 293T cells, mock transfected (-) or transfected with a DYKDDDDK-tagged human Atg4A construct (+), using Atg4A (D62C10) Rabbit mAb (upper) and DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody #2368 (lower). | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa cells, transfected with 100 nM SignalSilence® Control siRNA (Unconjugated) #6568 (-) or SignalSilence® Atg4A siRNA I #6427 (+), using Atg4A (D62C10) Rabbit mAb (upper) or α-Tubulin (11H10) Rabbit mAb #2125 (lower). The Atg4A (D62C10) Rabbit mAb confirms silencing of Atg4A expression, while the α-Tubulin (11H10) Rabbit mAb is used as a loading control. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Atg7 (D12B11) Rabbit mAb. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa cells, transfected with 100 nM SignalSilence® Control siRNA (Unconjugated) #6568 (-) or SignalSilence® Atg7 siRNA I #6604 (+), using Atg7 (D12B11) Rabbit mAb (upper) or α-Tubulin (11Η10) Rabbit mAb #2125 (lower). The Atg7 (D12B11) Rabbit mAb confirms silencing of Atg7 expression, while the α-Tubulin (11H10) Rabbit mAb is used as a loading control. | |
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of HeLa (upper) and C2C12 (lower) cells, chloroquine-treated (50 μM, overnight; left), nutrient-starved with EBSS (3 hr, middle) or untreated (right) using LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb (green) and β-Actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 555 Conjugate) #8046 (red). Blue pseudocolor= DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye). | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from RD cells, untreated (-) or Torin 1-treated (250 nM, 4 hr; +), using LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa, NIH/3T3, and KNRK cells, untreated (-) or chloroquine-treated (50 μM, overnight; +), using LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded NIH/3T3 cell pellets, control (left) or chloroquine-treated (right), using LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma using LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb in the presence of control peptide (left) or antigen-specific peptide (right). | |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse prostate using LC3A/B (D3U4C) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa cells, untreated (blue) or treated with chloroquine (50 µM, 16 hr) (green), using LC3A/B (D3U4C) Rabbit mAb. Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab)2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate) #4414 was used as a secondary antibody. |
