| 货号 | 8589T |
| 描述 | The Retinoic Acid and Retinoid X Receptors Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means to investigate the expression of various subtypes of retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors. The kit contains enough primary antibody to perform four western blot experiments per primary.Retinoic Acid and Retinoid X Receptors Antibody Sampler Kit提供了一种经济的方法来检查维甲酸和维甲酸X受体各亚型的表达。该试剂盒包括足够的一抗，每份一抗能够完成4次western blot实验。 |
| 目标/特异性 | Each antibody in the Retinoic Acid and Retinoid X Receptors Antibody Sampler Kit recognizes endogenous levels of total respective protein. The antibodies do not cross react with other subtypes of retinoic acid or retinoic X receptors. |
| 供应商 | CST |
| 背景 | Nuclear retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) consist of three subtypes encoded by separate genes: α (NR1B1), β (NR1B2), and γ (NR1B3). For each subtype, there are at least two isoforms, which are generated by differential promoter usage and alternative splicing and differ only in their N-terminal regions. Retinoids, which are metabolites of vitamin A, serve as ligands for RARs (1). RARs function as ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators and are found to be heterodimerized with retinoid X receptors (RXRs). These transcriptionally active dimers regulate the expression of genes involved in cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis (2,3). Consequently, RARs play critical roles in a variety of biological processes, including development, reproduction, immunity, and organogenesis (4-6). RAR mutations, fusion proteins, altered expression levels, or aberrant post-translational modifications result in multiple diseases due to altered RAR function and disruption of homeostasis.
In contrast to the ubiquitously expressed RARα subtype, RARγ displays a complex tissue-specific expression pattern (7). The hematopoietic system expresses significant levels of RARγ, and a recent study identified a role for RARγ in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance (8). RARγ is the predominant subtype in human and mouse epidermis, representing 90% of the RARs in this tissue (9-11). Given the high level of RARγ expression in the skin, it has been suggested that this nuclear receptor participates in a transcriptional program that governs maintenance and differentiation of normal epidermis and skin appendages. The transcriptional activity of RARγ is under stringent control, in part, through retinoic acid-induced phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation (12).
The human retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are encoded by three distinct genes (RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ) and bind selectively and with high affinity to the vitamin A derivative, 9-cis-retinoic acid. RXRs are type-II nuclear hormone receptors that are largely localized to the nuclear compartment independent of ligand binding. Nuclear RXRs form heterodimers with nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 proteins, including thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptors, vitamin D receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors, and farnesoid X receptor (13). Since RXRs heterodimerize with multiple nuclear hormone receptors, they play a central role in transcriptional control of numerous hormonal signaling pathways by binding to cis-acting response elements in the promoter/enhancer region of target genes (14).维甲酸（RA）核受体（RARs）包括三个亚型，这三个亚型分别由α (NR1B1), β (NR1B2), 和γ (NR1B3)编码.每种亚型至少有两种形式，通过差动启动子使用和选择性剪接产生，不同之处仅在于它们的N-端区域。维甲酸是维生素A的代谢产物，作为维甲酸受体的配体（1）。维甲酸受体以配体依赖的转录调节起作用，发现其与维甲酸X受体（RXRs）形成异源二聚体。这些转录活性二聚体调节参与细胞分化、增殖、细胞凋亡的基因表达（2,3）。因此，维甲酸受体在各种生物过程，包括发育、生殖、免疫、器官生成中发挥关键作用（4-6）。由于RAR功能改变和动态平衡破坏、RAR突变、融合蛋白、表达水平的改变或翻译后修饰异常会导致多种疾病。与广泛表达的RARα亚型相反，RARγ显示一个复杂的组织特异性表达模式（7）。造血系统RARγ表现显着水平，最近的一项研究确定了RARγ在造血干细胞维护中的作用（8）。RARγ是人类和小鼠表皮的主要亚型，占这种组织中RARs的90％（9-11）。由于RARγ在皮肤中的表达水平高，曾有人建议，该核受体参与转录程序，管理正常表皮和皮肤附属组织的维护和分化。RARγ转录活性的严格控制，某种程度上通过维甲酸诱导的磷酸化和蛋白酶体降解（12）。人视黄醇X受体（RXRs）由三种不同的基因（RXRα，RXRβ，RXRγ）编码，并与具有高亲和力的维生素A衍生物，9-顺-视黄酸选择性结合。 RXRs是II型核激素受体，主要位于核室，非依赖性配体结合。核RXR与核激素受体亚家族蛋白形成异二聚体，包括甲状腺激素受体、维甲酸受体、维生素D受体、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体、肝脏X受体、法尼酯X受体（13）。由于RXR与多个核激素受体形成异源二聚体，通过与靶基因启动子/增强区域的顺式作用元件结合，在众多激素信号转导通路的转录调控中发挥核心作用（14）。Application References |
| 存放说明 | -20C |
| 参考文献 | 1 . Mangelsdorf, D.J. et al. (1992) Genes Dev 6, 329-44. 2 . Mark, M. et al. (2006) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46, 451-80. 3 . Niederreither, K. and Dollé, P. (2008) Nat Rev Genet 9, 541-53. 4 . Mark, M. et al. (2009) Nucl Recept Signal 7, e002. 5 . Dollé, P. (2009) Nucl Recept Signal 7, e006. 6 . Purton, L.E. et al. (2006) J Exp Med 203, 1283-93. 7 . Fisher, G.J. et al. (1994) J Biol Chem 269, 20629-35. 8 . Zelent, A. et al. (1989) Nature 339, 714-7. 9 . Elder, J.T. et al. (1991) J Invest Dermatol 96, 425-33. 10 . Giannì, M. et al. (2002) EMBO J 21, 3760-9. 11 . Rochette-Egly, C. and Germain, P. (2009) Nucl Recept Signal 7, e005. 12 . Delacroix, L. et al. (2010) Mol Cell Biol 30, 231-44. 13 . Eifert, C. et al. (2006) Mol Reprod Dev 73, 796-824. 14 . Gronemeyer, H. et al. (2004) Nat Rev Drug Discov 3, 950-64. |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various tissues using RXRγ Antibody #5629.Western blot方法检测多个组织提取物，使用的抗体为RXRγ Antibody #5629. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using RXRβ Antibody #8715.Western blot方法检测多个细胞系提取物，使用的抗体为RXRβ Antibody #8715. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from NIH/3T3 and C6 cells using RARα Antibody #2554.Western blot方法检测NIH/3T3 细胞和C6细胞提取物，使用的抗体为RARα Antibody #2554. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from 293T cells, either mock transfected (-) or transfected with Myc/DDK-tagged cDNA expression constructs encoding full-length human RXRα (hRXRα; +), RXRβ (hRXRβ; +), or RXRγ (hRXRγ; +), using RXRα (D6H10) Rabbit mAb #3085 (upper) and DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody (Binds to same epitope as Sigmas Anti-FLAG® M2 Antibody) #2368 (lower).Western blot方法检测293T细胞提取物，细胞不转染或用Myc/DDK标记的cDNA表达构建体转染，该构建体编码人全长RXRα (hRXRα; +), RXRβ (hRXRβ; +)或RXRγ (hRXRγ; +)，使用的抗体为RXRα (D6H10) Rabbit mAb #3085（上图)和DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody (与Sigma的Anti-FLAG® M2 Antibody结合相同的抗原表位) #2368 (下图)。 | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP® Rabbit mAb #8965.Western blot方法检测多个细胞系提取物，使用的抗体为RARγ1 (D3A4) XP® Rabbit mAb #8965. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using RXRα (D6H10) Rabbit mAb #3085.Western blot方法检测多个细胞系提取物，使用的抗体为RXRα (D6H10) Rabbit mAb #3085. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from 293T cells, either mock transfected (-) or transfected with Myc/DDK-tagged cDNA expression constructs encoding full-length human RXRα (hRXRα; +), RXRβ (hRXRβ; +), or RXRγ (hRXRγ; +), using RXRα (D6H10) Rabbit mAb (upper) and DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody (Binds to same epitope as Sigmas Anti-FLAG® M2 Antibody) #2368 (lower). | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using RXRα (D6H10) Rabbit mAb. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from 293T cells, either mock transfected (-) or transfected with a Myc/DDK-tagged cDNA expression construct encoding full-length human RARγ1 (hRARγ1-Myc/DDK, +), using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP®Rabbit mAb. | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP®Rabbit mAb. | |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded cell pellets, HaCaT (positive, left) and Hep3B (negative, right), using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human skin using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP® Rabbit mAb. | |
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of HaCaT cells (positive, left) and Hep3B cells (negative, right) using RARγ1 (D3A4) XP® Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DY-554 phalloidin (red). | |
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using RXRβ Antibody. |
